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Applied Linguistics 1993 14(1):1-24; doi:10.1093/applin/14.1.1
© 1993 by Oxford University Press
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Language Maintenance and Shift in Three New Zealand Speech Communities

JANET HOLMES, MARY ROBERTS, MARIA VERIVAKI and ‘ANAHINA’ AIPOLO

Victoria University of Wellington

Drawing on the results of sociolinguistic research in three ethnically different communities in Wellington, New Zealand, this paper first explores and illustrates the processes of language shift and revival identified in Fishman’s (1985a) model. Members of the Tongan, Greek, and Chinese communities were interviewed, and data were collected on their language proficiency, patterns of use in different contexts, and attitudes to their languages. The progression outlined by Fishman (1985a) from high proficiency in the ethnic language to the need for language revival is clearly observable. The second part of the paper illustrates the ways in which the macro-level factors identified by Fishman (1985b) as predictors of successful language maintenance are realized at the community level. Generalizing from detailed observations in the three New Zealand communities, a number of factors which seem to inhibit language shift and support maintenance are described and related to the predictive criteria identified by Fishman’s census-based research.


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